NASA's mission of exploration requires leveraging new ways to utilize and learn from the unprecedented amount of data that space-based observation platforms generate. New capabilities are needed, ranging from onboard autonomy for robotic spacecraft to techniques for understanding the world and universe where we live. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data science are rapidly becoming integral to NASA's future to drive automation and interpretation. AI is a collection of advanced technologies that allow machines to think and act, through sensing, comprehending, interacting, and learning. AI's foundations lie at the intersection of several traditional fields - Philosophy, Mathematics, Economics, Neuroscience, Psychology, and Computer Science.